Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

Industrial fuel plays a vital role in the modern production landscape. Works rely heavily on various types of fuel to generate the energy needed to power machinery, manufacture goods, and sustain overall operations. From fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas to renewable alternatives such as biomass and solar power, the selection of fuel dep

Carbon dot nanomaterials (CDNs) have emerged as a sought-after class of nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications in various fields. These remarkably fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties that stem from their intrinsic structure and surface chemistry. Their tunable size, shape, and com

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that then de